Guides
Plain-language explainers on how digital public infrastructure works: principles, standards, identity, data exchange.
- A design toolkit for digital public infrastructure: 40 questions before you build
A practical checklist for teams planning a digital identity, payments, data exchange or sector platform: purpose, legal basis, architecture, data protection, inclusion, procurement, operations and measurement, with links to open resources.
- Data exchange layers explained: X-Road, Account Aggregators, Myinfo and Europe's data spaces
The third pillar of digital public infrastructure compared: law-based exchange between registers (X-Road, the EU Once-Only Technical System), consent-based personal data sharing (India's Account Aggregators, Singapore's Myinfo, open banking) and sector data spaces under EU law.
- Digital ID and privacy: the safeguards that actually work
A guide to privacy safeguards for national digital identity systems: data minimisation, sector-specific identifiers, tokenisation, selective disclosure, access logs, biometric data handling and legal protections, with examples from India, Austria, Kenya, Jamaica and the EU wallet.
- Interoperability and open standards: the unglamorous core of digital public infrastructure
What interoperability means at its four levels (legal, organisational, semantic, technical), what makes a standard 'open', the standards that matter for identity, payments, health and data exchange, and what the EU's Interoperable Europe Act requires.
- Nine design principles for open digital ecosystems
A practical reading of the design principles behind digital public infrastructure and open digital ecosystems: minimal cores, open interfaces, federated data, privacy by design, inclusion, accountability and more, with what each looks like in practice.
- What are open digital ecosystems? A plain-language guide
Where the term 'open digital ecosystem' comes from, how it relates to digital public infrastructure (DPI), what the three layers of platform, community and governance mean, and the questions worth asking about any such system.
